Fishes boris veli lilly 10-8. 1. Fish (bony and cartilaginous) By Lilly Beyleri, Boris Konstantinov and Veli Mincheva 10/8. Bony and cartilaginous fishes Vertebrates are classified based on traditional interpretations of gross anatomical and physiological traits. Bony and cartilaginous fishes are clades of the different types of vertebrates: Osteichthyes (bony fishes) - Clades: Ray Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) and Lobe-Fins (Sarcopterygii and Dipnoi) Gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) Clade: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes).Note: Both bony and cartilaginous fishes share the 4 derived characteristics of their common phylum: Chordata, which are: the notochord (dorsal stiffening rod) a hollow dorsal nerve cord pharyngeal gills a post anal tail that includes the notochord and nerve cord.
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Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Osteichthyes is a taxonomic group of fish which means bony fish; the name was coined long before the advent of phylogenetic systematics. More than 29,000 species Have bony (ossified), as opposed to cartilaginous, skeleton =endoskeleton with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate. The group has bilateral symmetry The phylum of Osteichthyes is Chordata (either vertebrates or one of several closely related invertebrates); Domain Eukaryota -Kingdom Animalia -Phylum Chordata Amphibians are the most closely related group The Phylum Chordata (vertebrates) dates 530.000.000 years ago and humans (from 200.000 years ago) originate from it. Info for Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Characteristics of the clade: Endochondral ('spongy') bone in the endoskeleton Ectothermic (cold blooded) = their body temperature is dependent on that of the water. Dermal fin rays made up by lepidotrichiae (modified, tile-shaped scales) Some bony fish are hermaphrodites. Can breathe through lungs or vascularized swim bladders or through their skin, intestines or stomach.
Three pairs of tooth-bearing dermal bones lining the jaws (dentary, premaxillary and maxillary). Life of the Osteichthyes Breathing: most fishes breathe by drawing water over 5 pairs of gills, located in chambers, covered by a protective bony flap called the operculum. Water is drawn into the mouth, though the pharynx, and out between the gills by movement of the operculum and contraction of muscles surrounding the gill chambers.
Movement: Fishes control their buoyancy with an air sac known as a swim bladder. Movements of gases from the blood to the swim bladder increases buoyancy and the animal rises, transfer of gas back to the blood makes the animal sink. Reproduction: the details vary extensively. Most species are oviparous, reproducing by external fertilization after the female sheds the large number of small eggs.
Birthing and internal fertilization characterize other species. Adaptations: Glands in the skin secrete a slimy mucus over the skin to reduce drag during swimming. Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) Cartilaginous = the skeleton of the species in the clade is composed predominantly of cartilage, often impregnated with calcium. Also termed- elasmobranches = flexible endoskeleton. More than 750 species Major group consist of sharks, rays and skates; second of ratfishes and chimaeras. Have bilateral symmetry as most Chordates All information about the phylum (Chordata-vertebrates) of the clade is the same as for Osteichthyes. Info for the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) Characteristics of the clade: Cartilaginous skeleton (derived characteristic) Jaws Respiration through gills Internal fertilization May lay eggs or give birth Acute senses, include lateral lines.
Life of the Chondrichthyes (mainly sharks here) Movement: Sharks are swift swimmers; cannot maneuver vey well. Although a shark gains buoyancy by storing a large amount of oil in its liver, the animal is still more dense than water and if it stops swimming, it sinks. Continual swimming ensures the water flows into the shark’s mouth and out through the gills, where gas exchange occurs (because sharks do not have lungs) Feeding: Largest sharks and rays consume plankton. Most sharks are carnivores = swallow their prey whole with several rows of teeth and powerful jaws.
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Within a shark intestine is a spiral valve, a corkscrew-shaped ridge that increases the surface area =makes longer the passage of food through the digestive tract. Adaptations: acute senses; sharp vision, but are color blind, have a pair of regions in the skin of their head that can detect el. Fields produced by muscle contractions of nearby animals. Reproduction: Sharks have a unique form of reproduction- internal fertilization. The male transfers the sperm into the reproductive tract of the female using its claspers on its pelvic fins.
Depending on the species of shark, it can either be: - oviparous (the eggs hatch outside the mother’s body) - ovoviviparous (the fertilized egg is retained in the oviduct) - viviparous (the young develops in the uterus and nourished by the mother prior to birth). Examples Osteichthyes Dwarf pygmy goby (Pandaka pygmaea).Elongated body that is nearly transparent; dark spots; large head; females larger than males; curved profiles; two rows of teeth.only found in tropical freshwater conditions with temperature range between 24 and 30 degrees Celsius.eats mainly plankton.found in river banks around the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore and imported to Germany.